Malnourished Children in Low Income Families in the United States

Prev Med Rep. 2018 Dec; 12: 294–297.

The dual burden of malnutrition in the Usa and the role of non-profit organizations ^☆

Received 2018 Sep 4; Revised 2018 Oct 1; Accepted 2018 Oct 14.

Abstract

The dual burden of malnutrition (obesity or a non-communicable disease coupled with malnutrition) is prevalent in more than half of all malnourished households that reside in the United states. Not-profit organizations should brand a conscientious effort to non serve products loftier in sugar and saturated fat, and low in fiber. Instead, they should diligently serve nutrient-dumbo foods rich in produce, whole grains and omega 3 fatty acids to minimize health disparities prevalent in LSES households. Nonprofit organizations have the potential to decrease health disparities nationally by feeding health sustaining products such as whole grains, fresh produce and lean proteins. This commentary lists viable options for organizations to serve healthier options and reduce health disparities such as implementing nutrition policies, capitalizing on donations and securing partnerships.

Keywords: Obesity, Malnutrition, Lower socioeconomic status, Non-turn a profit, Organizations, Youth, Diet, Diet, Health disparities

A lack of food access tin cause health disparities for those of low socioeconomic status (LSES¹). Obesity, for instance, disproportionately affects children who abound up with LSES, compared to those with higher socioeconomic status (HSES).² (Frederick et al., 2014) Similarly, heightened bloodshed seen amid the homeless, can exist attributed to an unparalleled charge per unit of ischemic eye disease related to poor diet (Fazel et al., 2014). Both of these are attributes of the dual burden of malnutrition. The dual brunt of malnutrition is when obesity occurs alongside malnutrition in the same individual, family or customs. In the U.s. (US), 53% of households with an underweight person, are also housing an overweight or obese person in that same household (Doak et al., 2005).

To address obesity in parallel with food insecurity, organizations must focus on offering nutrient-dumbo foods (Correia Horvath et al., 2014). The purpose of this commentary is to bring light to the dual burden of malnutrition in the USⁱⁱⁱ and call organizations to serve healthier foods that facilitate life-sustaining aide for low-income recipients.

1. Collective affect

Over 12% of American households were food insecure in 2016 (USDA, 2018). There are more than lx,000 food pantries and 344,894 churches, many of which offer feeding programs in their communities (American Religious Data, 1952–2010). Equally impactful, youth-serving organizations serve more than 10 million children, many of which offer nutrient to supplement meals served at dwelling house (America After 3PM: Afterschool Programs in Demand, 2014).

Utilizing not-profit organizations to increase food-dense food availability is a viable option to reduce both obesity and malnutrition attributed to food insecurity.

two. The burden

The Earth Health System acknowledges that the Us has unprecedented rates of both obesity (greater than 1/3 of all adults) and food insecurity (most 1/eight of the population) (Delivering nutrient and services, 2018; NHANES - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Homepage, 2017). Those living in LSES neighborhoods are well-nigh vulnerable to health disparities including but not express to, coronary avenue disease, and oftentimes have the least admission to care (Organisation WH, 2017; Franks et al., 2011).

"Social justice… affects the way people alive, their consequent chance of disease, and their hazard of premature death. We watch in wonder as life expectancy and good health continue to increase in parts of the earth and in alarm as they fail to ameliorate in others"(Organization WH, 2017).

While trying to eradicate malnutrition is noble, we must strategically piece of work with health disparities in mind. Overfeeding calorically-dumbo, but low nutrient meals exasperates the dual brunt of malnutrition and ultimately increases obesity rates and health disparities in low-income populations. Food has the capability to plough disparities towards health. Whole grains, fruits and vegetables supply more fiber than refined grains and are protective confronting middle disease (Franks et al., 2011; Hung et al., 2004). Poly peptide options such every bit nuts, beans and legumes are protective against cardiovascular illness and diabetes, both of which are wellness disparities amid the LSES population (Blekkenhorst et al., 2018; El Bilbeisi et al., 2017; Goshtasebi et al., 2018).

Feeding children nutrient-dense foods tin can be challenging, given that they need to be introduced to a food up to 17 times earlier accepting it (Carruth et al., 2004). Therefore, organizations may feel waste when introducing new foods to children who accept never experienced them. However, federal policies such equally the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Programme have exposed more children to nutrient-dense foods and therefore these foods are accepted before (Olsho et al., 2015).

3. Solution

Addressing the dual burden of malnutrition requires a shift in thinking from the quantity of people served to the quality of food served and the touch on on individuals. Currently, agencies commonly measure success past quantifying the people or meals served (Weinfield et al., 2014). Health improvements could occur in LSES households if organizations focused on the quality of food, rather than quantity of people who felt full. For instance, a food depository financial institution in Washington DC prides themselves in "providing expert, healthy foods that contribute to wellness" (https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/food-donation-faqs/, 2018). They proudly display how many families have access to good for you food.

To nourish LSES households, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, and center good for you omega 3 fatty acids should be readily available. These foods are protective against prevalent diseases and currently under-consumed among the LSES population (Dubowitz et al., 2008).

iii.one. Implement nutrition policies (Pescud et al., 2018)

Although half of food banks nationally have enacted nutrition policies, less than i/3 of these polices eliminate sugary nutrient products from their inventories (Campbell et al., 2013).

1 food bank wrote nearly no longer accepting processed, soda, and sail cakes. "Food banks do non exist to… reduce food waste, but to address hunger in the communities they serve" (Cueller, 2018). Anotherfood banking company interviewed participants regarding what foods should replace sugary sweets. Recipients said they were interested in fresh produce and healthy staples (Kappagoda, 2018).

Refusing donations to collect healthier products is controversial (Chapnick et al., 2017). Having streamlined policies in place tin help minimize refusals and empower volunteers to redirect less-beneficial donations (De Boeck et al., 2017). This provides much needed guidance for those volunteering and for those donating food. Including stakeholders and volunteers in policy evolution and training is critical for successful implementation. Policies should exist incorporated into existing organizational structures to ensure sustainability (Muellmann et al., 2017). Policies should include a listing that outlines regularly needed staple foods (Martin et al., 2018). (Run into Table ii).

Pros and cons of not-profit organizations in the Usa.

(Bazerghi et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2015) Fig. 1.

Table 2

List of food donation staples to add together to nutrient policy and distribute to donors.

To feed beneficial, sustainable, and nutrient-dumbo foods, donations should include:

Fresh or frozen fruit or fruit canned in water or juice (Bowman, 2017)

Shelf stable, low-fat dairy (Ozemek et al., 2018)

Fresh, frozen and canned low sodium vegetables (Freedman & Fulgoni, 2016; Storey & Anderson, 2018)

Whole grains (oatmeal, whole grain pasta, popcorn, brown rice, whole grain bread) (Dinu et al., 2017)

Lean proteins (stale or canned beans and lentils, simple meats without added sauces or seasonings) (Ozemek et al., 2018)

Omega 3 fat acids (canned salmon, nut butter, nuts, seeds) (Harris et al., 2018)

iii.two. Capitalize on donations

Many donations consist of nutrient, rather than finances (Tarasuk & Eakin, 2018). This presents an opportunity to enquire for higher quality products without additional costs to the organization. For example, asking for produce and basics can increase the quality of food served, without raising expenses. Additionally, the increment in produce and omega 3 fatty acid consumption can help counteract health disparities in LSES families (Dubowitz et al., 2008).

Refrigeration space is often a business organisation when transitioning to healthier foods (Chapnick et al., 2017). Organizations should consider grants for safe storage options. Pantries without refrigeration can apply shelf-stable, nutrient-dense products such as dried legumes, basics and seeds, canned produce, and dried whole grains such as brown rice or whole grain pasta.

Using donations to obtain nutrient-dense foods is disquisitional to maintaining a healthful inventory, while sticking to a modest budget.

iii.3. Secure partnerships

Gleaning produce from farmers and CSA's has been successful in some areas (Sisson, 2016). Fresh produce from nutrient pantries is the simply produce some recipients consume (Dubowitz et al., 2008). Whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds are high in soluble and insoluble fibers and low in added sugars; both aspects are protective against cardivascular affliction, a common comorbidity of obesity and health disparity in LSES households (Ozemek et al., 2018). (See Table 1).

Table 1

Evidence-based dietary approaches to eradicating health disparities amongst LSES households in the United States.

Diet-related wellness disparities amid the poor in the United States (CDC, 2018)
	Stroke and coronary artery disease	Obesity	Poor claret pressure control	Diabetes
Dietary approaches to eradicate disease	Limit sodium, cholesterol, trans and saturated fats. Increase cobweb and omega 3 fat acid intakes.	Limit added sugars, saturated fats, unnecessary snacking. Decrease portion sizes.	Limit sodium, trans and saturated fats. Increment vegetable, fruit, nut, omega iii rich fat acrid and depression-fat dairy consumption	Limit saccharide intake to an appropriate amount, spread evenly throughout the twenty-four hours. Eat plenty of legumes and high fiber whole grains.
Evidence-based dietary modifications	Consume less: ruby meat, canned products, processed sugary and salty snacks Consume more: Omega 3 fatty acids, fish, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, basics, peas, seeds	Eat less: sugary beverages, sugary candy, high fat proteins, refined grains Consume more: Fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, portion controlled meals	Consume less: red meat, canned nutrient, candy snacks Consume more: Omega 3 fatty acids, fish, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, low-fat dairy, nuts, peas, seeds	Consume less: sugary beverages, sugary candy, high fat proteins, refined grains Consume more: fruits and vegetables, legumes, lean proteins, whole grains, portion controlled meals

Additionally, federal resources exist for child and adult care centers through the child and adult care food program (CACFP). In commutation for serving healthier food, meals are federally subsidized. Federal partnerships should be explored as a viable means to serving more nutritious products.

3.iv. Nutrition teaching

Previously, pantries tried to offer healthier alternatives, only recipients have non e'er known how to prepare some foods given to them. Therefore, recipes and instructions should be included with unprepared foods. Organizations should besides consider cooking supplies necessary to prepare foods. Supplying educational tools that accompany healthy options improves the acceptability of nutritious foods and farther impacts consumption habits (Sharma et al., 2015).

four. Feasibility

It is notable that such changes are not fast nor easy. However, such improvements are feasible thanks to nutrient pantries and youth-serving organizations who take begun offering healthier foods, implementing policies and securing partnerships (https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/food-donation-faqs/, 2018; Cueller, 2018). Furthermore, plant-based, lean poly peptide options are more affordable than meat and provide sustainable benefits through increased fiber and protein intakes (Goshtasebi et al., 2018). These cost savings tin can help balance increased costs from healthier options such as whole grains.

5. Conclusion

The dual burden of malnutrition is prevalent in more than than half of all malnourished households that reside in the US. Non-profit organizations should make a careful endeavor to not serve products high in saccharide and low in cobweb. Instead, they should diligently serve nutrient-dumbo produce every bit well every bit whole grains and foods rich in omega 3 fatty acids to minimize health disparities prevalent in LSES households. Nonprofit organizations have the potential to decrease wellness disparities nationally by feeding health sustaining products.

Future policies should expand on programs like the CACFP that incentivize offering more than nutritious options. Future studies should evaluate the protocol of implementing diet policies in non-profit settings.

Footnotes

^☆Authors accept no competing interests to declare.

¹Low socio-economical condition

²College socio-economic status

ⁱⁱⁱThe states = Usa

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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6214863/

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